A post on Facebook claims that income tax and tax raised on whisky sales in Scotland go “straight to England” to be spent on its priorities, and that Scotland subsidises England. This is not true.
Firsty, the figures given for tax revenue from Scotland are wrong.
The post claims Scotland raises £25 billion a year in income tax. In truth, it was £13 billion last year and the year before that.
It also claims that tax on Scottish whisky amounts to £20 billion a year. We don’t know the exact figure for this, but it is certainly far lower. The Scotch Whisky Association estimates that the entire industry contributes £5.5 billion to the UK economy, and duty on all spirits across the UK raises £4 billion a year.
The post also claims that this money goes to England.
Most tax raised in Scotland including spirits duty is collected by HMRC (though this isn’t the case for most income tax, which is collected by the Scottish government). The UK Government, via the Treasury, decides how to spend the money HMRC collects.
If it decides to increase spending in England on an area that is devolved—such as healthcare, education, transport or housing—then the devolved nations receive money equivalent to their population size to spend on whatever they choose.
The Institute for Government says: “For example, if spending on healthcare [which is a devolved area] in England increases by £100m, the Scottish government’s budget would increase by £9.7m since Scotland’s population is 9.7% of England’s.”
This means that while a lot of tax raised in Scotland technically “goes straight to England”, it is misleading to claim that it is spent on English priorities without noting that, when this happens, the Scottish government receives money back.
Because Scotland raises slightly less tax per person than across the UK as a whole, when this happens Scotland essentially receives more back than it originally put in.
The method used to calculate this is called the Barnett formula, and when it was put into place in the 1970s Scotland had a higher level of public spending per person than England. This essentially locked in this disparity.
So does Scotland subsidise England?
In 2020/21, Scotland accounted for 7.9% of tax raised across the UK, but 9.1% of all public spending.
And in 2019/20 (the last year for which full figures for all four nations are available), public sector revenue raised was £12,300 per person in Scotland and £12,600 in England.
Figures for public spending aren’t directly comparable, as we only have full data broken down by nation for ‘identifiable expenditure’, which accounts for around 87% of total public spending (the remaining 13% is regarded as benefiting the UK as a whole because it is spent on areas such as defence, and so is not attributed to a particular nation).
If you look at identifiable expenditure only, then the figure was £11,600 in Scotland (17% above the UK average) and £9,600 in England—and once you factor in non-identifiable spending too, public spending in Scotland is higher than revenue raised.
This means it is not correct to say that Scotland subsidises England.